The Migration of Men Forces Women to Take Household Leadership in India
According to the United Nations, the term “women-headed households” does not have a fixed definition. However, it is commonly applied to households where either no adult men are present or they do not contribute significantly to the household income.
Economists and demographers typically define the “head of the household” as the individual who earns income and holds decision-making authority within the family unit. When the paternal figures migrate or move out of the household for the duration of six months or longer, women are automatically considered the head of the home. These designations are often self-declared by the individuals themselves.
In many rural areas or small towns in India, economic hardships and limited livelihood prospects often force men to migrate to other states for employment or better opportunities. These migrations result in the absence of male household members for extended periods, leaving women to take on new roles and responsibilities.
The National Family Health Survey data reveals a significant increase in maternal figures assuming household leadership roles. In fact, internal migration in India has witnessed a doubling in its numbers over the past three decades.
The rising trend of internal migration has emerged as a significant factor contributing to the transformation of patriarchal family structures and the increased involvement of maternal figures in household leadership.
As per India’s last census conducted in 2011, the number of internal migrants was recorded at 450 million individuals. This figure represented an increase of 45% compared to the previous decade, surpassing the population growth rate of 18% observed during the same period.
The financial impact and job disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic are expected to exacerbate the trend of internal migration in India, leading to a further increase in the coming years.
This shift in family dynamics caused by internal migration signifies a gradual erosion of traditional patriarchal norms and women’s empowerment. It provides an opportunity for women to showcase their capabilities, resilience, and adaptability in navigating new challenges and assuming leadership positions.
